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Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, is a sexually transmitted virus that targets a body’s immune cells, or the cells that fight infection, and weakens the immune system. He used CRISPR-cas9 to make the embryos in his experiment immune to HIV, which the father of the embryos was infected with. However, as of 2021, genome editing on early-stage human embryos development is widely considered unethical and is banned in most countries. Various researchers went on to use CRISPR-cas9 to edit the genomes of many different species, leading to He’s use of the technology to edit human embryo genomes. In 2012, Jennifer Doudna, a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, in Berkeley, California, and Emmanuelle Charpentier, who at the time was a professor at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden, first developed CRISPR-cas9 as a method of genome editing, which the won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for in 2020. Scientists can create the new stretch of DNA to encode genes they want the edited cells to express. After cas9 removes that sequence, the scientist can provide that cell with a new stretch of DNA to replace it. In genome editing, scientists create CRISPR RNA that will recognize a specific sequence they want to remove in the genome of the cells of an organism they want to edit. The CRISPR RNA can recognize specific sequences in a viral genome and guide the cas9 protein to that sequence so cas9 can cut that sequence out. Bacteria use CRISPR-cas9, a complex made of a protein molecule called cas9 and RNA, another molecule that carries genetic information, to cut the DNA of viruses invading the bacterial cells to stop the viruses from replicating and infecting the cell.
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He used CRISPR-cas9 technology to edit the embryo genomes. Because He edited early-stage embryos in his experiment, his edits will not only affect the children who developed from the edited embryos, but also their offspring and future generations. However, if scientists edit the DNA in germline cells, meaning cells such as sperm, eggs, or embryos in their early stage of development, those cells will pass the edited DNA to the next generation of offspring. To edit the twin’s genomes, He edited specific genes, or sequences of DNA that encode for a specific trait or characteristic, in his experiment.Scientists can edit the DNA in the cells of an adult human body, which will only affect the adult human. Editing a genome therefore changes an organism’s development and functioning. DNA, or deoxyribose nucleic acid, is a molecule present in all living organisms that contains the genetic instructions for the organism’s development and functioning. A genome is the set of an organism’s DNA. In his videos, He discusses the technology he used to edit the twins’ genomes when they were embryos, or fertilized eggs that could develop into fetuses. The experiment discussed in the videos was successful, but many scientists criticized the experiment due to ethical concerns with the way He conducted it. He kept his experiment secret until he uploaded the videos announcing the birth of the fetuses, born as two twin girls. Nonetheless, He’s experiment led to one of the first successful births of fetuses resulting from genetically modified embryos. At the time of He’s experiment, various treatments already existed at that could prevent the fetuses from contracting HIV without the need for gene surgery. HIV is a virus that attacks the immune cells of its host and weakens their ability to fight off diseases.
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He genetically modified embryos at his lab in Shenzhen, China, to make them immune to contracting HIV through indirect perinatal transmission from their father, who was infected with the virus. CRISPR-cas9 is a genome editing tool derived from bacteria that can be used to cut out and replace specific sequences of DNA.
THE EXPERIMENT 2010 YOU TUBE SERIES
In 2018, He Jiankui uploaded a series of videos to a YouTube channel titled “The He Lab” that detailed one of the first instances of a successful human birth after genome editing had been performed on an embryo using CRISPR-cas9. A Series of YouTube Videos Detailing the “CRISPR Babies” Experiment (2018), by He Jiankui